Oil on canvas
20 3/16 x 16 in. (51.3 x 40.6 cm)
Signed upper left: Lichtenstein
Classification: painting

Painting

In this catalogue, works classified as painting are as follows:

Painting is a work with acrylic and/or oil on canvas or on another two-dimensional support (canvas board, wood panel, etc.)

Painting (mural) is a large-scale painting, historically called "mural"

Painting (on paper) describes a work in acrylic, oil or watercolor on paper or board

Painting (on plastic) describes paintings on plexiglas or on plexiglas and plastic box frames

Dates

Lichtenstein usually signed and dated a painting on the verso around the time it was finished, inventoried or shipped to a gallery or storage. Some pre-Pop paintings were dated in code (e.g., RLCR 502). 

See also: 8. DATES

Media Lines

Described are all media visible on a painting's recto. Paint is listed first, followed by graphite pencil where present, followed by the support. An inscription's medium is given beneath the media line if different from the painting media.

The painting media lines in this catalogue are rarely based on technical analysis by a museum or a conservator. They are mostly informed by conversations with the artist's studio assistants, by examination of paint jars and tubes that were kept after the artist's death and by RLF records or Leo Castelli Gallery files. 

Acrylic and Oil Paints

In this catalogue, all types of acrylic paint are listed as "acrylic" and all types of oil paint as "oil."

Historically, the brand name "Magna" (acrylic dispersion paint by Bocour Artist Colors, Inc.) has been used to describe all of Lichtenstein's acrylic. RLF records and technical analysis by art museums confirm that the artist did not only use Magna, but at times Liquitex acrylic emulsion paint and, later, Golden Artist Colors acrylic dispersion paint. When Magna production stopped around 1990, Lichtenstein bought up large amounts of Magna. He also reached out to Golden who worked with him to devise custom MSA colors in Lichtenstein's hallmark hues.      

Pop paintings and later works were usually painted with both acrylic and oil. It is assumed that around 1962 Lichtenstein experimented with Liquitex and Magna before adopting Magna as the main medium. For paintings from 1962–63, media lines are informed by notes on RL Studio Cards and/or in the Leo Castelli Gallery inventory. In rare instances, media lines were written by the artist on the verso of a work (e.g., RLCR 691). For paintings from 1964 and beyond, solid colors are assumed to be acrylic and dots and diagonals are assumed to be oil. Lichtenstein preferred oil for stenciled patterns because it was slow drying (fast-drying Magna stuck to stencils and resulted in stray paint strands) and because, if corrections were needed, oil could be removed with solvent without disrupting the acrylic underneath. However, it is possible that Lichtenstein continued his experimentation with paints through and after 1964.

Graphite Pencil Underdrawing

Pencil has not usually been listed in media lines for Lichtenstein’s paintings. However, a closer look reveals that graphite pencil underdrawing and erased lines are visible in most of them, starting with his 1960s works. The artist left those lines due to his well-known intention that his work not appear “too finished,” therefore, graphite pencil is included in the painting media lines in this catalogue. If in question from examination report results or other documentation, the presence of graphite pencil is assumed. When a researcher's examination report confirms that pencil is not visible, it is not included.

Painting: Other Mediums and Techniques

Canvas
Different types of canvas are not described. Lichtenstein favored #10 cotton duck canvas from New York Central Art Supply; he also purchased duck canvas from U.S. Art Canvas and possibly others. Circular and oval canvases were ordered from David A. Paul and New York Central Art Supply. Earlier paintings' canvases are typically finer and sometimes described as "linen" in studio records.

Sand
In the Imperfect/Perfect and Entablature paintings, grainy areas are visible. Lichtenstein created this texture by adding beach sand, usually to a thick white underlayer over which he applied the final color. 

Sgraffito
This reductive technique of line-making is found in about 25 pre-Pop paintings. 

Stretchers
Stretchers are not included in media lines. Anco and H. Cole stretchers, among others, are used in Lichtenstein’s pre-Pop paintings; Sgroi Canvas Chassis stretchers are used in paintings from the late 1960s through early 1970s. Lebron stretchers were standard beginning around 1972.

Strip frames
Strip frames are not included in media lines. Slightly raised above the edges, strip frames served as practical protection during shipment and storage movements and were routinely added to paintings in Lichtenstein’s studio by the 1970s, but are documented in exhibition installation images as early as the early 1960s.

Painting on Paper: Other Mediums and Techniques

Masking out
Masking techniques are indicated, but the material used (e.g., frisket, small objects) is not identified (e.g., RLCR 219).

Watercolor application
When it is applied in multiple ways, watercolor application method is described, otherwise brush is implied. For example, see RLCR 365: “Watercolor, brushed, smudged by hand and sprayed, with masking out, graphite pencil on paper." 

Dimensions

Painting dimensions are given from canvas edge to canvas edge, excluding original wood strip frames nailed to the edges. 

For multi-panel paintings, if panels are joined, overall dimensions and dimensions of each canvas are given. If panels are separate, only panel dimensions are provided since overall dimensions vary by installation. Lichtenstein usually suggested a distance of approximately 7 inches between canvases for installation. This fact informed spacing of related images in the catalogue entries (e.g., RLCR 1635). 

See also: 10. DIMENSIONS

Signature, Inscriptions, Marks

The artist usually signed and dated his paintings on the canvas verso in charcoal and applied a spray fixative before sending it to a gallery or storage.  

Pre-Pop paintings are often signed or initialed on the recto in oil, or inscribed with the artist's name and other tombstone information on the stretcher or tacking margin. 

See also: 11. INSCRIPTIONS

Read more: Guide to the Catalogue
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Catalogue entry

Artwork: The Cowboy (Red), c. 1951 (RLCR 310) Photo: Peter Siegel, Pillar Digital Imaging, LLC, courtesy Colby College Museum of Art
RLCR 310 (Busche 57; RL 4040)
The Cowboy (Red)
c. 1951
Title Source
Busche
Media
Oil on canvas
Dimensions
20 3/16 x 16 in. (51.3 x 40.6 cm)
Inscriptions
Signed upper left: Lichtenstein
Photo: Peter Siegel, Pillar Digital Imaging, LLC, courtesy Colby College Museum of Art
Related Works
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Provenance
Robert Miller, New York City, early 1960s (via John Heller Gallery, New York City)
David W. Miller, South Dennis, Mass., 1980 (by gift or by descent)
Exhibitions
Arts and Crafts Building, Ohio State Fair, Columbus, Ohio, Ohio State Fair, August 24–31, 1951 (Ohio State Fair 1951, no. 48 not ill. [as The Cowboy; either this work or RLCR 308]).
Art Colony Galleries, Cleveland, Oils, Watercolors, Drawings by Roy F. Lichtenstein, March 2–22, 1952. (as The Cowboy; either this work or RLCR 308).
Triennale di Milano, Milan, Roy Lichtenstein: Meditations on Art, January 26–May 30, 2010 (Mercurio 2010c, n.p. color ill.); (Mercurio 2010d, n.p. color ill.). Traveled to: Museum Ludwig, Cologne, July 2–October 17, 2010 (as Roy Lichtenstein: Kunst als Motiv). (Mercurio 2010a).
Colby College Museum of Art, Waterville, Maine, Roy Lichtenstein: History in the Making, 1948–1960, February 11–June 6, 2021 (Finch, E, and Price 2020, p. 85 color ill.). Traveled to: Parrish Art Museum, Water Mill, N.Y., August 1–October 24, 2021; Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, Ohio, March 5–June 5, 2022; Nasher Museum of Art, Duke University, Durham, N.C., August 25, 2022–January 8, 2023.
Literature
Busche, Ernst A. Roy Lichtenstein: Das Frühwerk, 1942–1960. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 1988, no. 57 p. 142 b/w ill.
Hindry, Ann, ed. Artstudio. Special issue, Roy Lichtenstein, no. 20 (Spring 1991), n.p. preceding p. 56 color ill.
Salle, David. "Roy Lichtenstein." In Art at Colby: Celebrating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Colby College Museum of Art, by Colby College Museum of Art, Waterville, Maine. Waterville, Maine: Colby College Museum of Art, 2009, n.p. facing p. 244 color ill.
Mercurio, Gianni, ed. Lichtenstein: Kunst als Motiv. Cologne: DuMont, 2010. Exhibition catalogue (2010 Milan Triennale), n.p. color ill. [not exhibited].

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